![]() ![]() A parametric study of the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete lining, using the shotcrete model, is performed. The Shotcrete model is based on the framework of Elasto-plasticity and designed to account for non-linear and time-dependent behaviour for concrete material more realistically. In this paper, a new constitutive model of shotcrete is applied to evaluate the time-dependent behaviour of TBM tunnel lining under high in-situ stress state. ![]() Traditional approaches assume a linear elastic behaviour using a hypothetical young modulus to model this time-dependency and creep effects. Therefore, the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete material must consider. Shortly after application, shotcrete linings undergo a high load while the ordinary concrete is not fully hardened yet. Shotcrete is a fundamental support element for tunnels and underground constructions.
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